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ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” / ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื“

ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021 ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืกื˜"


ืžืืช: ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ Tim Boyd

ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ "ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืกื˜".


ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืขื ืช ื›ื”ืŸ


ื—ืœืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ


ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช: 'ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื'. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื ืฉื ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืง ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ.


ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื™ ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื—ืจ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงื™ืฅ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื—ืง ื˜ื ื™ืก. ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืื– ื”ืชืืžื ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉื”. ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื”ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ื ื—ืœืฉื” ื•ื›ืชืคื™ ื›ืื‘ื”. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืœืœื” ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื” ื›ืชืคื™ ื ืคื’ืขื”.


ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื. ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื“ืขื ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ื–ืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื—ืฉื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื• ื•ื’ื ืœื ื•, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ.


ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืจื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืกืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงื˜ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ื—ืžืง ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืคืงื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ, ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช. ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช.


ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืกืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”. ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™.


ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื›ืขืกื ื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”. ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.


ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ. ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื›ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ื”ืจื’ืœ ืจืข, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื• ืžืฆืžืฆื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกืชื™ืจื” [ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก], ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ.


ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžืžื•ืงื“. ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื—ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.


ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ื˜ืžืขืช, ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช. ื›ืœ ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืจื“ื™ื•, ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ืš, ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืคืชื— ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.


ื”ืœื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ืืฆืงื™ ื”ืคื ืชื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืืงืกื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืื•ืžืจืช: "ื›ืžื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืš ื’ื ืœืžื˜ื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื". ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.


ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืœืžื’ื ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืœ ืขืฆืžื• "ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืช" [ferromagnetic metals], ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžื’ื ื˜ื™. ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืฉืื ืžื’ื ื˜ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืกืžืจ ืื• ื‘ืคื™ืกืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืžืกืžืจ ื™ืชืžื’ื ื˜ ื•ื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜. ื›ืฉืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜, ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ืขืœืžืช.


ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืจืื”. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื ื˜ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ืช. ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื’ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘-"ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”". ื‘ืื•ืชื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ืœื ืจืง ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ืžืกืžืจ, ืื• ืคื™ืกืช ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœื™ืช ืžืžื•ื’ื ื˜ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืžื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ื™.


ืื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืžืจ, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืจ ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื’ื ื˜ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช "ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื" ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.


ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช. ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจืžืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจืžื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืคื™ื–ื™, ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื• ืžื ื˜ืœื™.


ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ืืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ืืฆืงื™, ืื ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืื ื˜ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืกื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื“ื™ืจ ื”ืŸ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื™ืžื™ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช.


ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื™ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื›ืœื™, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืกื“ื™ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชื ื”. ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืžืืจื’ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื’ื“ืœื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืžื•ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืžืชืขื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื‘ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืœืช.


ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืฆืคื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ื”"ื–ื•ื—ืœื™", ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื ื™ื ื•ืœืชืกืžื•ื ืช "ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—", ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื.


ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืœื™ื ื’. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ืฆืคื•.


ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•: "ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”?" ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช [Inspiration] ื”ื™ื "ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื”". Spiritus ื–ื” ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื’ื ืจื•ื— [Spirit]. ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื–ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื’ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืื“ื, ืขื ืืžื ื•ืช ืื• ืขื ืฉื™ืจื”.


ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–. ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืคื•ืœ. ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื”ื•: ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืืœืื™ ืœืืžื”, ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื˜ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืš ืฉืžื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื”. ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืื•ืชื•, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื• ืฆื“ื“ื™.


ื‘-ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžืื”ืื˜ืžื” ืืœ ื.ืค. ืกื™ื ื˜, ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•". ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจืื”, ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื•ืœืฉืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”.


ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืืชื™ืช "ืขื•ืœื”". ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื ื’ืจืžืช ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•, ืื• ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ึบื•ึถื” ืื•ืชื”. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื”. ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื", ืื• "ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื", ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•.


ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื—, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืงืฉืจ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืชืžื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”. ืื ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื, ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”.


ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™


ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื“ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื”ื“ืืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช, ืžื˜ื•ืกื• ื ื—ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•. ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก. ืืฆืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืงืช ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืฆืขื™ืฃ, ืื• ืงื”ืื˜ื” [khata], ื›ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื. ื”ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื›ืš ืœืืฉืชื™ ื•ืœื‘ืชื™.


ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื™ ื™ื“ืขื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืืœืื™ ืœืืžื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืืœื™ ื•ืืœ ืืฉืชื™, ื•ืื– ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื‘ืชื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืงื•ืœื’'. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื” ื›ื“ืงื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื“ืžืขื•ืช.


ื—ื™ื‘ืงืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื”. ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื”: "ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉืชื™ ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื”!" ื”ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฆืฆื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื“ืืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉืขื•ืจืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื”.


ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ืžืขืœ ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืชื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื–ื” ื ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ืžื ื™ืข [ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”]. ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืืจ ื›ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืืฆื™ืœืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืžืจื•ืžืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื•ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœื.


ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื™ืข. ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›"ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”", ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื•ืจ ื”-ื‘ึผื•ึนื“ึฐื”ึดื™, ืฉื“ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”, ืžืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ื•ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืชื•.


ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”-ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืชืžื™ื“. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืจื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื•ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืชื ื• ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™, ืืœื ืœื”ืกื“ืจื”, ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืงื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.


ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจืขืœื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ืื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื• ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.


ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช, ืืœื ื‘ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื. ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง. ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืง ืื ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” โ€“ ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•, ื’ืœื™ ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.


ื‘- 'ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”' ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ืœื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ืืฆืงื™: "ืื ื—ื ื• [ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ื] ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘'ืงืฉืจ' ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื 'ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืกื•ื“ื™', ื•ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ืืงืกื˜ื˜ื™, ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืชื ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช". ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉืจืืชื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช. ื‘- 'ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”', ืกืจ ืื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื ื•ืœื“ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื, ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™: "ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ื–ื•ืœื’ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ". ื”ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœื ืฉืžื”, ืื• ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื‘ืขื”, ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช" ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.


ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”

ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื”. ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉ"ื”ืืจื” ื”ื™ื ืชืื•ื ื” (ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื•) ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื-ืœืชืื•ื ื”". ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ื›ืžืชึทืจื’ืœื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืืœ ื”ื”ืืจื”, ืืœื ืœืžืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืงื˜. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืงื ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”.


1. ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ืืฃ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื ื˜ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœืฆื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.


ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—, ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ื”ืจ โ€“ ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื. ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก, ืชืื•ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืชื‘ ื‘- ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช [1] ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื•, ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืœืกื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืกืงื™.


ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื™ื ื“ ืจื’ื•ืข, ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืขืจ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื•ื—ืฉื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš.


ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ืคืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ืกื•ืŸ, ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืœื™ื“ื‘ื™ื˜ืจ, ื“ื•ืจื” ืงื•ื ืฅ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื›ืœืกื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืžื— ืื• ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืื›ืœืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœื ื• ืžึดืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื’ืฉืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.


2. ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืกืื ื’ื”ื [sangha]. ื”ืœื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ืืฆืงื™ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืฉ"ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืœืœื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ". ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืจืง ืœืขืฆืžื ื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.


ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืื—ืจ ื™ืคืจื—ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืœื˜ืคื— ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ, ื ื˜ืžืขืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื›ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.


ืงื™ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืš: "...ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™, ืื ื™ ืฉืื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื [2]. " ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืืฉืจ ืชืžืฆืื• ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขืžื™ืง, ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืจื›ื–, ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจืื, ืกืื ื’ื”ื, ืžื™ื ื–ืจ ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.


ื™ืฉื ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืขืœื” ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืžื™ื“ืข, ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ืืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ืขืœื” ืฉืžืฉื›ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“. ื–ื” ืขืจื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืชืžื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืจืื”, ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉืืจ-ืจื•ื—.


3. ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช

ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืคืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”.


ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœ "ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื" ืฉืงืจื• ืœื ื•. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื›ืื‘ ื•ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืขื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ: "ืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ื•ืจื“, ืฉื•ืœื— ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฅ".


ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืœืจื’ืข, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืจืื”. ื”ืœืš-ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื•ืคื—ืช, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืง. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื–ืžื ื™, ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช.


ื‘"ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”" ืฉืœื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ืืฆืงื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ื: "ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช". ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื ื“ โ€“ "ืžืงืฉืจ". ืื, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชึทืจื’ืœื™ื, ืื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™, ืืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.


ื”ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ืข, ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื. ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ? ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”? ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•? ืื™ืš ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘-ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•? ืืœื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ.


William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience [1]

[2] ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืชื™, ื™"ื—, 20

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